Medicine In the Victorian Age

The beginning of the Victorian age was characterized by steady population growth with a new look on medicine and a fresh approach to science.During the Victorian age, physicians used the new science of optics in the form of microscopes to confirm the existence of bacteria, the main cause of many deadly illnesses.Numerous educated people began to believe the presence of bacteria and germs and started taking preventive measures. Various paradigms, ideas, concepts, theories and philosophies were systematically tested for the first time by the large number of inquisitive and qualified physicians educated in the new schools of this time period.The Victorian medicine enhanced the not only the level of comfort and quality of life during this period, but also blazed a new path for the upcoming generations.During this era, the surgeons and doctors frequently received high rank and prestige in any society.Elizabeth Blackwell, the first college educated female physician in Western history graduated in this time, and Florence Nightingale revolutionized the field of nursing.Even with all this new medical knowledge being discovered at high speed, most of the people in the Victorian age still relied on home remedies, herbal treatments and homemade prescriptions.Health suggestions were given either by a household manual or by word of mouth. Matrons, heads of households and frequently servants had adequate medical knowledge and remedies for minor ailments.Even in affluent neighborhoods where the residents could afford doctors at will at least one member of any household would be well versed in herbal medicine.People would frequently lance boils, sooth coughs and make poultices for wounds at home.This home-grown confidence and knowledge served both as an alternative to and ongoing support for professional aid.Common treatments given to people during the Victorian age included bleeding, purging, plastering, sweating, amputation and blistering.These techniques are not often found in use today, but at the time helped many people alleviate symptoms of a variety of painful disorders.Plastering was a treatment that used a paste made from a range of ingredients including mud or plaster and then applying such substances in the affected area of the patient to relieve internal pain or cold. Bleeding was done in an attempt to relieve high blood pressure, sweating was thought to expel poisons from the body, and amputation was possible for the first time as a viable alternative to gangrene.Poultices were also used for bites, boils and wounds. Poultice ingredients could be as commonplaces as milk and bread to exotic herbs and cow manure.Purging involved providing a patient with heavy dose of emetics or laxatives to expel “poisons” from an individual’s body.Surgery in the Victorian age became more sophisticated and safer through the usage of antiseptic medicines and the beginnings of aseptic technique.However, during this time while these developments were welcomed, many remained dependent on household manuals for everyday medical treatment.These historical home remedies occasionally even offer symptom relief from various chronic ailments even today.

Migraine Sufferers Can Finally Get Rid Of The Pain

WEST PALM BEACH, FL – New hope for migraine sufferers. A revolutionary new integrated approach has combined present medical knowledge with the personal experiences of one of the United States’ leading headache specialists to deliver a comprehensive system for migraine prevention. Early adopters have reported that this system is a “learned, optimistic, landmark work that should be read by anyone, including patients and professionals” and “that the 7 Steps are something that we can all implement in our lives… There wasn’t any technical medical jargon used that I couldn’t understand.”But how does “7 Steps To A Healthy Brain” help migraine sufferers and why is this book a landmark work?This book utilizes groundbreaking research by the world’s top doctors and combines them into one work that patients can use as an “Instruction Manual To Preventing Their Migraines.” People using the methods in this book have seen dramatic decreases in the pain and severity of their migraines, a condition that these patients thought they’d never be able to escape…The main problem here, and the issue that stands in the way, is that nobody has ever handed these patients an instruction manual. Instead, the day they had their first migraine, they were left helpless and with nobody to turn to. Migraine sufferers, of which there are approximately 35 million in the United States alone, vividly remember their first migraine because it was a painful event that forever changed their lives. Most patients don’t even know how to explain it and are left searching for answers.The secret to helping these people is in what their doctors don’t have the time to tell them.Dr. Winner, a neurologist that spends at least 45 minutes with all new patients, says that it takes approximately 90% of the time with his patients to determine the appropriate pharmaceutical approach for them… and that he is left hurrying through the nutrition, supplementation, stress, exercise and other parts of their lives that influence their migraines… unable to fully cover these vital aspects.New research shows that these areas are as important as the pharmaceutical approach, thus the need for an integrated approach. But since most doctors are only able to spend an average of 11 minutes with their patients, how can these patients get this vital information they need?Dr. Winner needed a way to spread this essential information. “I set out to create a pamphlet for my own patients in order to help them with their migraines on a daily basis and when the pamphlet passed 200 pages I realized I had created a book… 7 Steps To A Healthy Brain.”These are the words spoken in an interview with Dr. Paul Winner, D.O., FAAN, Immediate Past-President of the American Headache Society, and Clinical Professor of Neurology, regarding his most recent book, “7 Steps to a Healthy Brain”. Dr. Paul Winner is a world renowned neurologist and leading researcher that has already published four best-selling textbooks and has been featured on The Today Show regarding the topic of his first book, “Headache in Children and Adolescents”. “7 Steps to a Healthy Brain” is the first book that Dr. Winner has specifically written to educate the general public.

What Are the Factors that Contribute to Autism

Autism is a mystery for most health care professionals. They have found no one clear cause for autism though there are several factors that are common throughout the research. The most common is that autistic sufferers have abnormalities in their brain. When compared to non-autistic people, autistic brains are shaped differently and function differently. There are many theories concerning the factors that contribute to autism in which genetics, heredity, and environmental aspects are suspected. The genetic theory is supported that in some families there are patterns of disabilities and mental illness that are frequent and autism is considered apart of this pattern. What causes the mutations or the passing of the autistic gene is uncertain. Some researchers believe that a group of unstable genes interfere with the development of the brain during the early years of life and these genes rearrange themselves to hinder the proper realignment of brain tissue. If this is truly a factor for the contribution to autism then it cannot be stopped with today’s medical knowledge. If the genes are isolated, genetic screening before pregnancy can determine if the parents have a predisposition to give birth to an autistic child. Environmental factors have been another theory that researchers have come up with. The research for this idea is very sketchy and according to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry there has been no link between autism and an outside source such as chemicals or other toxins in the environment. Remember that this may be a link and the research is just not showing the connection yet. With all the pollution that is in our air and water and all the contaminants we consume in our food, there is all likelihood that environmental factors are indeed a piece in the puzzle. Physical medical condition has shown a possibly of being a contributing factor. Conditions such as tuberous sclerosis and congenital rubella syndrome has yielded results that there is a high percentage of autistic manifestations after diagnosis. Also phenylketonuria also known as PKU and fragile X syndrome has been known to contribute a high number of cases that also link themselves to autism. The jury is still out to whether these conditions have percentages high enough to officially correlate evidence that leads to autism, but at this point the suspicion is there. The contributing factors are sketchy at best, but there are factors that you can rule out. For some reason autistic kids have a predisposition to the autistic condition. You can’t blame the parents for the parents have no control over their DNA. If a family does have a high occurrence of disabilities, they should still have right and the ability to procreate and to have happiness as a family. Environmental conditions are also not completely to blame unless a parent on purpose puts toxins into their bodies before or during pregnancy. Some say that drugs and alcohol consumption by the parent is a contributing factor. So far there is no link to drugs, alcohol, or alcohol fetal syndrome and autism. For now we have to accept autism for what it is. The child, parents, or genetics are not to be blamed until there is more research done and more evidence that point to one contributing factor. For now until that research is done we must do everything we can to let the silent voices be heard and help those already inflicted with this terrible disorder.

The world seems to have very quickly become a much smaller place, with technology easily allowing information and ideas to be instantly shared throughout the world. This has been especially useful in allowing eastern approaches to health and healing, such as Ayurvedic medicine, to reach the West to a greater degree than it ever has before, broadening valuable medical knowledge and the pool of options for treating illness and maintaining health.

While sources differ on just how far back into time and history Ayurvedic medicine goes, for the most part it is agreed that this form of medicine has been practiced in India for thousands of years. Ayurveda is an accepted part of medical treatment in India, relied upon for generations. It is not unusual for a city to have a hospital practicing Ayurvedic medicine and another that offers Western-style Allopathic concepts of health care and maintenance.

In the highly industrialized nations of the west, Ayurvedic medicine tends to be placed in the categories of alternative medicine and complementary care. Many describe it as being a holistic form of medicine, because in addition to using knowledge of herbs and other substances to create preparations for the treatment of illness and disease, Ayurvedic medicine is also concerned with over all or holistic well-being and balance as a means of healing, health maintenance and sickness prevention.

Bits and pieces of India’s Ayurvedic knowledge trickled into the West with travelers and tradesmen, and then later on, via those westerners that participated in the British occupation of the nation. In the 20th century, the flow of Ayurvedic knowledge reaching the West increased with immigration and the ease of international travel. During the counterculture era of 1960’s and 1970’s, fascination with the east and Indian culture blossomed, setting the stage for its dramatic increase in popularity during the late part of the 20thcentury. While, in part, that increase was driven by well-known personalities, such as Deepak Chopra, it was also helped along by the Internet making world knowledge readily available across the globe.

The interest that the remarkable potentials of Ayurvedic medicine has garnered in recent years can be illustrated by a fascinating legal case, in which the University of Mississippi Medical Center made an attempt to patent one of the common, ancient ingredients used in many Ayurvedic preparations for thousands of years: the common cooking spice turmeric. After a long court battle, the university’s patent was denied, a well-deserved and important victory for the people of India and their Ayurvedic practitioners.

As we progress through the 21st century, it can truly be said that Ayurvedic medicine has gone global, gaining international interest and respect as an alternative means of caring for physical and mental health. Many of the Ayurvedic medicinal preparations that have made it into Western clinical trials have provided promising results. This will ensure that these traditional Eastern treatments will continue to engage researchers in the West for years to come.

Natural medicine is the old way of treating illnesses. Modern day medicine is now studying the effectiveness of natural remedies.

This is NOT medical advice! You should ALWAYS consult your physician before taking or changing your prescribed treatments and medications.

When you get sick, you go to the doctor. The doctor will, of course, prescribe medicine, you will go and buy the medicines and then you take them, and hopefully, you get well. This is how the health profession operates nowadays a cycle of diagnosis and prescription.

Probably, if anyone were to suggest herbs to be used as medication, you would think that person was a quack and didn%26#8217;t know what they were talking about. But currently, studies are being conducted to see if there is actually any merit to what is called natural medicine.

Natural medicine is the use of natural methods, herbal medicines, and traditional practices to heal ailments. Every culture has a form of natural medicine. In ancient cultures, village medicine men served as the doctors of the community, passing on medical knowledge to the apprentices that followed them.

Many categories of healing methods fall under natural medicine. Among these are traditional medicine, complementary medicine, and alternative medicine. Usually, natural medicine refers to medical practices that were in place before the advent of modern medicine. This would include herbal medicine, or phytotherapy, which is prevalent in Chinese medicine, Ayurvedic(or Indian), and Greek medicine.

With the advent of modern medicine, many professionals discarded the use of herbs in favor of man-made medicine. The fact that these treatments are based on the healing properties of some herbs was forgotten. For example, opium, digitalis, quinine, and aspirin all have their roots in traditional medicine.

Natural medicine is considered a lost art. This doesn%26#8217;t necessarily mean that it has lost efficacy over time. In some cases, natural therapy is actually better than modern medicine. This leads some doctors to seriously consider, and study, the possible uses of natural medicine.

Before I continue, it is important to stress that not all the natural remedies are legitimate. You would be well advised to only try those remedies which have been thoroughly studied and are relatively risk free.

There are many well-documented and studied herbal remedies available. However, only those that deal with minor ailments such as cough, colds, skin rashes, and its ilk are likely to be recommended by health professionals. These remedies are sometimes superior to syntheti

c medicine because herbal medicines are less likely to cause negative side effects.

There are numerous organizations studying the effects and advocacy of natural medicine among which is herbal medicine. Some governments and health agencies openly advocate the use of natural methods since they are inexpensive and relatively risk-free.

As the studies are performed and the reports compiled, more herbs and treatments are added to the list of accepted medicines. However, many herbs and treatments have been proven to be bogus medicine. This represents a challenge for both the user and the agencies because they have to ascertain that the treatments they either use or advocate are legitimate and safe.

There exists today many alternative medical treatments that fall under natural medicine. However, not all of them have been proven to be effective. You could mention homeopathy, aromatherapy, acupuncture, and other alternative medical treatments. It would pay to consult an expert in reference to the legitimacy of these treatments.

Natural medicine should also be thought of as an accompanying medicine. Right now, the current collective medical thought suggests that natural medicine be used only to supplement accepted modern medical practices. In the case of minor ailments, your expert will probably advise you to take natural therapies instead.

The practice of modern medicine revolves around diagnosing an illness and prescribing treatments for them. Natural medicine is helpful because it suggests that treatment should not necessarily be given only when you%26#8217;re sick. Natural medicine itself strives to make each patient practice good health habits including good diet, healthy living, and the regular natural treatments.

It is this same line of thought that leads our parents to tell us to eat our vegetables. Yes, a healthy lifestyle and will do no harm to our well-being. And this is the foundation of natural medicine whether it is a massage, herbal medicine, aromatherapy or some other form of natural medical treatment.

It%26#8217;s strange but true that science, in its quest for excellence, is studying the knowledge of ages past. This, surprisingly, leads us back to the remedies nature offers. The possibilities of finding remedies to everyday illnesses in natural medicine are encouraging.

So staying in tune with studying these remedies is worthwhile until we can verify that these therapies are truly helpful to our health and our society.

Article Source: http://www.BestToRead.com/

Many people throughout America and the world are interested in doing whatever is necessary to make themselves more attractive. Who wouldn’t want to look more appealing to the opposite sex. Of course, most never follow through because of their fears about the results. This is really unnecessary as today’s cosmetic surgeons use the latest knowledge to improve their patient’s looks. Beverly Hills rhinoplasty surgeons especially are well suited to give you the nose you’ve always wanted.

The plastic surgeons in Beverly Hills are some of the most experienced and well trained that you can find. If these cosmetic surgeons were allowed to list their clients you would very likely find some of the most famous names in Hollywood on the lists.

Most celebrities live in the Los Angeles area and many live right in Beverly Hills so it’s natural that they would choose a Beverly Hills cosmetic surgeon to do their rhinoplasty or other cosmetic surgery. The area hospitals are also top notch in providing support and aftercare. However even those that live farther away choose Beverly Hills surgeons because of their artistic and medical knowledge when it comes to rhinoplasty.

These celebrities know that they will get the best care and the best results from the Beverly Hills cosmetic surgeons. Obviously this is important to these people. They rely on their looks as part of their career and they need to know that they have the best surgeons available.

This fact also ensures that the surgeons themselves stay on top of all the latest research and that they hone their skills to perfection. Many of them rely on word of mouth and by giving the best service and best rhinoplasty’s they are ensured continuing patients willing to pay top dollar for their services. They continually develop their skills so that they can effectively satisfy their celebrity client’s wishes.

Beverly Hills plastic surgeons can charge top dollar for their services because they know that their patients are receiving the best possible care from doctors who are at the top of the plastic surgery profession. They are in great demand and because of the area their clients can afford to pay for the very best that money can buy.

It’s true that you can find good plastic surgeons throughout America and the world, but in general the very best choose to practice in Beverly Hills both for the financial rewards as well as the status it affords them. If you want the very best then you’ll do well to travel to Beverly Hills and consult with one of the top rhinoplasty surgeon available. You’ll be glad later that you did.

Many people think they have no need to worry about their health or that of their team or assume their health insurance will cover if necessary. However, staying healthy usually takes more than just common sense. Furthermore, life may not go as planned; how we handle illnesses when they occur before and after seeing doctors can mean life or death. There is NO health insurance that covers our medical bills, absenteeism, time, effort, opportunities and lives altogether. As a physician, I want first to share a story with you.My mother and I were involved in a tragic auto-accident. Although she did not have any health issues prior, she could not breathe without a ventilator after five weeks of intensive care. The ICU physicians “concluded” that she would be ventilator dependent for the rest of her life; she refused to live on a machine. I had never doubted the ICU physicians — they were my physicians at that time as well. At that moment, I had to hold in my tears and do my own assessment. To my surprise, I found my mother did not breathe efficiently, so I taught her a new way of breathing and practiced with her. Within three days, my mother was taken off the ventilator successfully. Had I not questioned the ICU doctors, my mother would have chosen to die. Later in her rehab, my family worked with nine other specialists, including acupuncture and herbs, and achieved what most rehabilitation experts cannot imagine — my mother now is not only able to cook, shop and enjoy her interests fairly independently, but also reminds me of my tax return!! Her entire care cost almost $300,000, not to mention the time and effort and her suffering. In the end, I am very lucky that I can still have a healthy and happy mother.To stay healthy, we need basic overall medical knowledge, proper thinking and the ability to stay calm and enjoy life under any level of stress. In order to save other people from similar and other preventable suffering and losses, we have set up a 2-day Comprehensive Health Program, based on our dual medical training, clinical and teaching experiences.The basic medical knowledge enables us to stay healthy and handle illnesses properly before and after we see doctors. Many common illnesses are preventable, for example, sexually transmitted diseases. In my mother %26#39;s case, the Para-medic did an excellent job in securing her injured neck. Otherwise, she could have died right at the accident scene. Some parents like to use toothpaste to ease the burned skin of their children. However, the toothpaste can make it much harder to clean the burned skin later in Emergency Room and increase the chance of severe infection. Improper thinking in health can lead to severe consequences, directly or indirectly, before or after seeing doctors. Some people use food as “anti-depressants” or “de-stressors” and gain weight rapidly. Being overweight is a big health hazard, and can lead to and worsen many health problems, such as Diabetes and Hypertension. Some people give up treatment due to self-doubt; some people develop massive myocardial infarction because of the delay in coming to the hospital secondary to their denial. My mother %26#39;s case is a good “after” example. One gentleman lay in bed, “totally paralyzed,” for one year due to a wrong diagnosis of one hospital until he met Dr. Milton Erickson — Dr. Erickson “made him so angry” that he walked out of the doctor %26#39;s office the same day! Humans tend to believe in “authorities figures” that can be our parents, school principles, judges, doctors, attorneys, etc, and turn off our own judgment. All of these are samples of internal restrictions. What makes it worse is that the improper thinking or internal restrictions can be so familiar to us that we are not aware of their existence! As proven by Harvard studies, stress can cause an inability to think clearly or make the right decisions, decreased creativity as well as other cognitive, psychological and physical symptoms; over 50% of adults in the U.S. experience high daily stress. Stress can also worsen many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, depression and Fibromyalgia.Knowing more and seeing the big picture, besides having a strong spirit, will strengthen our confidence and help us stay in better control. We do not have to wait until we or our loved ones get sick. Without entering a health career, we can learn to stay healthy and fit and avoid getting sick. We can learn to avoid making mistakes when handling emergency illnesses, reduce hospital stays and recover faster and better. We can learn to know ourselves more, utilize and evaluate different medical systems and knowledge, including herbs and acupunctures. We can learn to build our personal relaxation hierarchy (including deep breathing and meditation used in Harvard %26#39;s program), manage different levels of stress, proactively reduce and prevent stress, enjoy life better and more. To have the big health picture all at once, instead of piece by piece, will help us better solve individual problems as they arise. Comprehensive self-care at different medical stages helps us and our businesses stay in charge of not only our health, but also the potential losses in time, money, effort, opportunities or even lives. Comprehensive self-care helps to maintain healthier and more efficient productivity at significantly reduced costs, so we can compete better in this increasingly challenging global market. There is NO insurance that can insure all of them for us. The best medicine is not only about making diagnoses and delivering treatments, but also staying well, preventing sickness and recovering swiftly. Everyone can make the health system more efficient and cost-effective.Let %26#39;s start learning now to take charge of our health, control our future medical and subsequent costs in time, effort, opportunities and life. We can live better, compete better and protect our successes and future!

When you get sick, you go to the doctor. And the doctor will, of course, prescribe medicines. You will go and buy medicines. You take them, and hopefully, you get well. This is how the health profession goes on nowadays, a cycle of diagnosis and prescription.If anyone were to give you herbs for medicine, you would probably say that that person was a quack.But nowadays, studies are being conducted to see if there are really is any merit to what is called natural medicine.Natural medicine is the use of natural methods, herbal medicines, and traditional practices to heal ailments. Every culture has a form of natural medicine. In ancient cultures, village medicine men served as the doctors of the community, passing on medical knowledge to the apprentices that followed them.Many categories of the healing methods fall under natural medicine. Among these are traditional medicine, complementary medicine, and alternative medicine.Usually, natural medicine refers to medical practices that were in place before the advent of modern medicine.This includes herbal medicine, or phytotherapy, which is prevalent in Chinese, Ayurvedic(or Indian), and Greek medicine.Upon the advent of modern medicine, many professionals discarded the use of herbs in favor of man-made medicine. The fact that these treatments are based on the healing properties of some herbs was forgotten.For example, opium, digitalis, quinine, and aspirin all have their roots in traditional medicine.Natural medicine can be considered as a lost art. This does not mean that it has lost efficacy over time. In some cases, natural therapy is actually better than modern medicine. This leads some doctors to seriously consider and study the possible uses of natural medicineBefore we continue, it is important to stress that not all the natural remedies are legitimate. It would help to only try those remedies which have been thoroughly studied and are relatively risk free.Take herbal medicine for example. There are many well-documented and studied herbal remedies available. However, only those that deal with minor ailments such as cough, colds, fever, skin rashes, and the like are likely to be recommended by health professionals. These remedies are sometimes superior to synthetic medicine. This is because herbal medicines are less likely to cause negative side effects. Currently there are numerous organizations that study the effects and advocacy of natural medicine among which is herbal medicine. Some governments and health agencies openly advocate the use of natural methods since they are inexpensive and relatively risk-free.As their studies compile, more herbs and treatments are added to the list of accepted medicines. However, many herbs and treatments have been proven to be bogus medicine. This represents a challenge for both the user and the agencies because they have to ascertain that the treatments they either use or advocate are legitimate. There exist today many alternative medical treatments that fall under natural medicine. However, not all of them have been proven to be effective. You could mention homeopathy, aromatherapy, acupuncture, and other alternative medical treatments. It would pay to consult the experts as to the legitimacy of these treatments.Natural medicine should also be thought of as an accompanying medicine. Right now, the current collective medical thought suggests that natural medicine be used only to supplement accepted modern medical practices. In that case of minor ailments your expert we actually advise you to take natural therapies instead.The practice of modern medicine revolves around diagnosing an illness and prescribing treatments for such. Natural medicine is helpful because it suggests that treatment be not necessarily given only when sick. Natural medicine strives to make each patient practice good health habits. These habits include good diet, healthy living, and the regular natural treatment.It is this same line of thought that leads our parents to tell us to eat our vegetables. Yes, a healthy lifestyle and will do no harm to our well-being. And this is the foundation of natural medicine; may it be massage, herbal medicine, aromatherapy or others.It is funny but true that science, in its quest for excellence, is studying the knowledge of sages past. This, surprisingly, leads us back to the remedies nature offers. The possibilities of finding remedies to everyday illnesses in natural medicine are encouraging. So staying tuned to studying these remedies is worthwhile until we can verify that these therapies are truly helpful to our health and our society.

Within medicine, there are a number of specialties and subspecialties one can concentrate in. Before a doctor decides on a focus, they must learn the basic sciences of medicine. Basic knowledge is essential when moving forward in one %26#39;s studies, which is why doctors must attend four years of medical school before advancing to a specialty. There are sixteen topics of introductory medical science. Anatomy, a subject often associated with doctors, is the study of the physical structures of humans. Histology is similar to anatomy, except with tissue instead of larger parts. Biochemistry and biostatistics are the applications of chemistry and statistics in a biological sense. The study of individual cells is cytology, and genetics is studying the genes within cells. The nervous system has its own field called neuroscience, which comprises knowledge of the brain and spinal cord. Pharmacology and toxicology are both studies of drugs, except pharmacology focuses on the benefits of them while toxicology is about negative effects. Other basic sciences include embryology, epidemiology, immunology, microbiology, nutrition, pathology, and physiology. General physicians need to have a background in all of these fields so they can appropriately refer patients to specialists.Two broad categories exist in medicine; internal medicine and surgery. Internal medicine involves non-operative treatment of diseases and disorders through drugs and therapy. Surgery requires operative action, and is usually used in conjunction with some kind of internal medicine. Specialties branch out from both categories, while some are completely unrelated to either, such as radiology. Cardiology is a specialty within internal medicine in which physicians concentrate on disorders related to the cardiovascular system. Subspecialties of cardiology focus on specific diseases, like coronary artery disease. In fact, most subspecialties of larger topics are dedicated to one disease. Intensive care medicine is used with patients who are in immediate need of care or are in a life-threatening situation. Hepatology is concerned with the liver, and nephrology is concerned with the kidneys. Rheumatology involves treating joint problems, such as arthritis. In addition to internal medicine specialties, several surgical specialties exist. Otolaryngology is surgery which comprises of head, neck, face, and certain cosmetic procedures. Surgical oncology is the use of surgery to combat cancer. Vascular surgery involves peripheral blood vessels and the central nervous system, and cardiovascular surgery includes the heart and surrounding arteries. Transplantation is an important specialty, in which dysfunctional organs are replaced with optimal ones. Besides the two main categories of internal medicine and surgery, a third class called diagnostic specialties exist. This type concerns itself not with curing diseases, but examining them. All laboratory sciences fall under diagnostic specialties. Cellular pathology is the study of diagnosing illnesses by utilizing samples of tissue or cells taken from patients. Clinical microbiology involves in vitro diagnosis of diseases cause by fungi, viruses, parasites, and bacteria. Radiology is a widely known diagnostic specialty, which uses imaging technologies to diagnose and treat ailments. Neurological disorders, which are not completely physical, require a different treatment approach than traditional diseases. Rehabilitation falls under neurology, as it is concerned with physical and mental healing after an injury or illness. Any disorder that involves the nervous system is neurological. Therefore, all degenerative brain diseases, like Alzheimer %26#39;s , are dealt with in neurology. Neurologists can specialize in specific conditions, like stroke or sleep problems, after they have completed general neurology training.

The medical sector is undergoing radical changes. The changes are mostly visible in Poland, where private and public healthcare providers have to compete for a patient by offering the highest quality of medical services. Many medical institutes introduced TQM rules - total quality management, in the early 70s. This management method consists in production of the better quality products in order to compete with other organizations on the market. This began the process of improving the healthcare services in Poland, which was translated into the patient’s satisfaction. The quality of medical services goes hand in hand with medical standards. Polish medical standards show the right path of medical and therapeutic proceedings. The medical regulations are drown up by medical science societies in each country. Poland as European Union member uses the medical standards that meets EU regulations. Legal acts require performing duties in accordance with the actual and medical knowledge of medical staff. The level of medical education in Poland is very high and many of the Polish specialist doctors were valued overseas. Poland is a leader in some medical disciplines, such as cardiosurgery or orthopaedy. However, the appropriate medical services standards are connected not only with the education and experience but also with the available medical equipment. Together with the private healthcare development the access of the most modern medical equipment in Poland has been improved. This mainly apply to the clinics specializing in plastic surgery, cosmetic medicine, dermatology, dentistry, ect. However the general private hospitals are also built in Poland. The biggest and the most modern private hospital in Poland, Medicover hospital in Warsaw, provides complex medical services Polish and foreign patients. The figures shows that more and more overseas patients who are looking for best medical treatment at affordable prices, visit Poland. The MTA Poland representative (medical tourism agency organizing medical packages to Poland) says that medical tourists who comes to Poland for a surgery or medical treatment are more and more aware of the high quality medical services in Poland. They entrust their health and life to the Polish medical specialist and have to be sure about the safety of the procedure. The most popular are plastic surgery procedures (liposuction, breast surgery), aesthetic medicine (Fraxel laser, Macrolane), dental treatment (dental implants, veneers) but also elective surgery and orthopaedy (hip and knee replacement). MTA Poland’s clients are satisfied with the final results and usually they stay in Poland for their rehabilitation period. The responsibility of providing the best available quality of medical services lies with healthcare providers in Poland, so it is essential to have a permanent in-service training courses for medical staff as well as gradual modernizing of medical facilities. Polish private clinics use the same branded materials and equipment that are used in the UK. What’s more every dental clinic in Poland offer a guarantee on prosthetic work and on implants. The beneficiaries of high quality medical services in Poland are not only Poles but also Brits and other foreigners.