Cholesterol is a soft, waxy, fat-like material that is made by the liver. Cholesterol serves many vital functions, and is part of every cell in the body. Our bodies require cholesterol to maintain healthy cell walls, make hormones, make vitamin D, and to make bile acids.

The food we eat can also play a big part in the amount of cholesterol in our bodies. If we eat an excess of food containing saturated fat, the liver will produce more cholesterol than the body needs. Our bodies will also absorb cholesterol directly from food that contains cholesterol.

In nature cholesterol is only found in animal based foods, but some food processing can cause other foods to have cholesterol as well. Foods fried in animal fat or tropical oils, have also been found to contain cholesterol. Saturated fat is also found primarily in animal based foods.

Cholesterol on its own can not dissolve in the blood. Tiny particles called lipoproteins deliver cholesterol to and from the blood cells. There are two lipoproteins that work with cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL).

LDL cholesterol, often referred to as “Bad” cholesterol, carries cholesterol in the blood stream to the tissues, where it can be used or stored by the body. The reason this type of cholesterol is referred to as “Bad” is that this is the cholesterol that can build-up and clog arteries. This is what happens when there is too much LDL in the body.

HDL cholesterol, often referred to as “Good” cholesterol, carries cholesterol in the blood stream from the tissues to the liver. The liver then expels this cholesterol from the body. A high HDL level will tend to protect against heart attack and stroke.

There are other factors that can affect your blood cholesterol levels. Some of these factors include being overweight, lack of exercise, inherited health traits, increased age, and gender. Women after menopause tend to have higher cholesterol than before menopause. Women also tend to have a higher HDL level throughout there lives than men. This may help to explain why women under the age of 80 usually experience lower rates of heart disease and stroke than men.

According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), a high cholesterol level is considered to be over 200 mg/dL for your total cholesterol. Total cholesterol is calculated as (LDL + HDL). This however, is not the only figure that you should be concerned about. You also need to have a HDL level greater than or equal to 45 mg/dL, to reduce your risk of heart disease.

Total Blood Cholesterol Levels

Desirable: less than 200 mg/dL

Borderline: 200-239 mg/dL

High: 240 mg/dL or higher

HDL Cholesterol Levels

Desirable: 45 mg/dL or higher

LDL Cholesterol Levels

Desirable: less than 130 mg/dL

Borderline: 130-159 mg/dL

High: 160 mg/dL or higher

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Cholesterol In Young Adult

Parts of adolescent’s body are filled with a waxy stuff identified as cholesterol. It helps to produce vitamin D, cell membranes and certain hormones. Blood cholesterol comes from two different sources, liver within the body and food. The adolescent’s liver produces enough cholesterol to carry out proper functioning. The blood acts as the carrier of cholesterol and transports it to different parts of the body. They are transported in round particle form known as lipoproteins. There are two types of lipoproteins called the low density lipoproteins or LDL and high density lipoproteins or HDL. Low density lipoprotein or LDL cholesterol is commonly known as bad cholesterol. It helps in the building up of plaque in arteries and this condition is known as atherosclerosis. The LDL level must be low in the blood and if it is high it must be decreased. Healthy weight must be maintained and exercise should be done regularly. Food items which have high contents of calories, dietary cholesterol and saturated fat must be avoided. High density lipoprotein or HDL cholesterol is the good cholesterol. It is actually a kind of fat in blood which helps to remove bad cholesterol from the body and stops the build up of plaque in the arteries. The more the HDL cholesterol in the blood the better it is. The HDL can be raised by at least twenty minutes of exercising daily, decreasing body mass and keeping away from food with saturated fat. Some adolescents need to take medications in order to increase HDL. In such cases, increasing HDL can be a complicated procedure and the physician can make a therapeutic plan to increase HDL in the blood stream. Cholesterol screening helps to determine the cholesterol and fat levels in the blood. Children and adolescents with normal cholesterol level is a thing of the past. Because of the changing lifestyle and junk food trend, even they have a high risk to develop high levels of cholesterol which also increases the risk of developing heart diseases which can affect the blood vessels and the coronary arteries. The main cause of this change is obesity, junk food high in fat, fast food diets, sedentary lifestyle and high cholesterol level in family history. Keeping the blood cholesterol levels at normal is a good way of avoiding high blood pressure and coronary artery diseases. The blood cholesterol level can vary from individual to individual. Healthy levels of LDL is less than one hundred and thirty milligrams, HDL is greater than thirty five milligrams. If the HDL is less than thirty five milligrams then the adolescent is at a higher risk of developing heart diseases. And LDL more than one hundred and thirty milligrams is dangerous. But a high level of LDL cholesterol is a problem in many citizens of America. And there is an expected increase in number, the figure is unknown, of adolescents who have a family history of high cholesterol levels. An adolescent or a child who has a parent having high levels of blood cholesterol and family history of heart diseases at an early age, should take cholesterol test from the age of two. Adolescents who are obese also should have lipid test along with cholesterol test. The lipid test shows levels of kinds of fats in blood such as triglycerides, LDL and HDL.

A low cholesterol diet could save your life because having a high cholesterol level leads to extremely serious heart conditions. High cholesterol is therefore a very serious problem for a lot of people. If you are suffering from high cholesterol you should consider a low cholesterol diet.

Of course, the first thing you should consider is talk to your doctor. Depending on your age, family history, and how high your cholesterol really is, you may need to be on medication and take more serious steps toward reducing your cholesterol. When your doctor determines that you should be on medication, he or she will probably also recommend both frequent exercise and a low cholesterol diet.

For a long time it was thought that high cholesterol was caused primarily by eating too many fatty and high cholesterol foods - for more information see http://www.diet.ie We now know that this is not really true. Cholesterol has more to do with genetics and your level of activity (or inactivity) than your diet. However, diet still is an important aspect of your cholesterol, and a low cholesterol diet is an effective compliment to exercise and today’s medications.

A low cholesterol diet should be focused on several things. The most obvious being avoiding too much cholesterol in what you eat. This is a bit more complicated than it sounds, however, because you want to avoid ‘bad’ cholesterol or LDLs (which stands for low density lipoproteins). HDLs (high density lipoproteins) are a ‘good’ form of cholesterol that you actually want to eat plenty of.

Most foods that are high in saturated fat are also high in LDLs. Fatty meats, butter, lard, heavy pastries, greasy sauces, these kinds of things all are high in LDLs and should be avoided or eaten in small quantities if you are on a cholesterol diet.

Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and high in fiber are associated with a reduced risk of certain cancers, diabetes, digestive disorders, and heart disease. Diets that low in fat and rich in fiber-containing grain products, fruits, and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of some types of cancer. Diets low in saturated fat and cholesterol and rich in fruits, vegetables, and grain products that contain fiber, particularly soluble fiber, may reduce the risk of heart disease

Ask your doctor or a nutritionist about foods high in HDLs, as there are lots of them. Some nuts, avocado, and dark chocolate are some examples. Even more important than eating lots of HDLs is getting plenty of fiber in your food if you are on a low cholesterol diet. Fiber is a proven way to lower cholesterol, so you should round out any low cholesterol diet you try with plenty of roughage ie

Cholesterol is a soft, waxy, fat-like material that is made by the liver. Cholesterol serves many vital functions, and is part of every cell in the body. Our bodies require cholesterol to maintain healthy cell walls, make hormones, make vitamin D, and to make bile acids.

The food we eat can also play a big part in the amount of cholesterol in our bodies. If we eat an excess of food containing saturated fat, the liver will produce more cholesterol than the body needs. Our bodies will also absorb cholesterol directly from food that contains cholesterol.

In nature cholesterol is only found in animal based foods, but some food processing can cause other foods to have cholesterol as well. Foods fried in animal fat or tropical oils, have also been found to contain cholesterol. Saturated fat is also found primarily in animal based foods.

Cholesterol on its own can not dissolve in the blood. Tiny particles called lipoproteins deliver cholesterol to and from the blood cells. There are two lipoproteins that work with cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL).

LDL cholesterol, often referred to as “Bad” cholesterol, carries cholesterol in the blood stream to the tissues, where it can be used or stored by the body. The reason this type of cholesterol is referred to as “Bad” is that this is the cholesterol that can build-up and clog arteries. This is what happens when there is too much LDL in the body.

HDL cholesterol, often referred to as “Good” cholesterol, carries cholesterol in the blood stream from the tissues to the liver. The liver then expels this cholesterol from the body. A high HDL level will tend to protect against heart attack and stroke.

There are other factors that can affect your blood cholesterol levels. Some of these factors include being overweight, lack of exercise, inherited health traits, increased age, and gender. Women after menopause tend to have higher cholesterol than before menopause. Women also tend to have a higher HDL level throughout there lives than men. This may help to explain why women under the age of 80 usually experience lower rates of heart disease and stroke than men.

According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), a high cholesterol level is considered to be over 200 mg/dL for your total cholesterol. Total cholesterol is calculated as (LDL + HDL). This however, is not the only figure that you should be concerned about. You also need to have a HDL level greater than or equal to 45 mg/dL, to reduce your risk of heart disease.

Total Blood Cholesterol Levels

Desirable: less than 200 mg/dL

Borderline: 200-239 mg/dL

High: 240 mg/dL or higher

HDL Cholesterol Levels

Desirable: 45 mg/dL or higher

LDL Cholesterol Levels

Desirable: less than 130 mg/dL

Borderline: 130-159 mg/dL

High: 160 mg/dL or higher

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For the majority of people seeking to improve their health and fitness, walking is the safest, simplest, best form of exercise. Walking has a variety of valuable physical benefits such as assisting in making the heart and lungs perform more efficiently, keeping blood pressure properly regulated, decreasing the level of artery-clogging blood fats while increasing the level of high-density lipoproteins (the “good” HDL cholesterol), reducing the odds of developing heart disease, firming and shaping up muscles, relieving tension and raising one’s energy level. Walking also aids in weight loss, strengthening bones, and may serve to halt or lessen the degree of severity of osteoporosis (the bone-thinning disease that commonly occurs in older, inactive women but sometimes strikes younger women and, to a lesser extent, men). Walking is an activity that one can do practically anywhere at anytime, alone or with a companion.

Lately, walking has become the exercise of choice for millions of Americans trying to get and stay fit. Throughout the U.S., walkers attired in various styles of workout apparel, many wearing fanny packs around their waists, can be seen daily dotting the landscape as they energetically move back and forth.

When compared with that other popular aerobic exercise, jogging, walking causes less shock to the lower back, hips, knees, ankles and feet. The force of jogging can subject joints to impacts three to five times a person’s body weight each step. With walking, however, one foot always remains on the ground, thus the shifting of body weight is more fluid. For this reason, a walker lands with only one to one and a half times the force of his body weight each step.

True, walking does take a mite longer to do than jogging. But you can burn nearly as many calories (e.g., walking at a 15-minute-a-mile pace you can burn approximately 100 calories per mile, whereas jogging at a 10-minute-a-mile pace you burn roughly 20 calories more) and get nearly as good a workout by walking that mile as you can by jogging, bicycling or swimming at a moderate pace. The heart doesn’t make a distinction between any of these activities; its job is solely to deliver the blood and oxygen needed to the working muscles.

The heart muscle, like all the other muscles of one’s frame, needs to be challenged with exercise to keep it strong enough to receive and pump blood through the arteries and veins to the rest of the body. A heart that has developed strength and endurance through an aerobic undertaking such as walking has not only a lower resting and working rate of speed (i.e., performs its function using fewer beats) but also sends out more blood with each beat.

Moreover, walking enables a person to see the world in which he or she lives in greater detail. Scenery such as buildings, houses, trees, flowers and lawns become more noticeable when one is on a walk.

Walking also frees the mind for creative thought. Many walkers possess a belief similar to that of Henry David Thoreau, who once said, “Methinks that the moment my legs begin to move, my thoughts begin to flow.” Akin to Thoreau, these walkers state that they do their most productive thinking while walking and are better able to solve complex problems.

Nevertheless, although walking is a low-impact exercise that’s less strenuous and less harmful than jogging, beginning walkers still should pay attention to taking those precautionary measures that will help protect them from injury.

In particular, along with putting on comfortable, unbinding clothes, they should wear lightweight, properly fitting walking shoes with enough support and cushioning in the heel and arch to minimize the pressure on their joints; being mindful of the calf muscles as well as the muscles at the front and the back of the thighs, they should do about 10 minutes of warm-up exercises and 10 minutes of warm-down exercises consisting of static (no bouncing) stretches - holding each stretch for 20 to 30 seconds, before and after walking to prevent damage to their muscles and tendons; and, they should attempt to walk on a flat cushioned surface to reduce the strain on their legs and feet. By following these precautionary measures, beginning walkers are less likely to get injured and require days or weeks of non-participation in exercise in order to recuperate.

Concerning form and technique, it’s best when walking to keep the body erect, head up, eyes looking straight ahead, shoulders down, buttocks tucked in and arms at waist level. Specifically, you should bend the arms at the elbows (at a right angle), with the elbows held out a bit from the sides and the arms pumping alternately from front to back with the stride. Try not to swing the hips from side to side as you walk. Each foot should land under the torso, almost flat and toward the heel. A short, heel-toe stride is recommended for walking by most authorities.

Perhaps more importantly, your walking pace should be one in which you are able to talk without becoming winded, without panting and gasping for air. This especially applies to those people just getting back into exercise after a two or three decades lay off.

Walking is so natural, so automatic that a lot of people tend to overlook its potential as exercise. One can walk at a brisk stroll, a rapid gait, or anywhere in between. Any of these speeds can aid walkers in reaping many of the benefits that come from working out.

To take a single instance, one of these benefits is: a delaying of the aging process. Recent medical research reports that millions of us cease to engage in activities that are physically demanding as we grow older; however, this same study says that involvement in such a rejuvenating activity as exercise can help to preserve our ability to carry out daily chores with relative ease as well as help to stave off the degenerative effects of aging. Even a moderate exercise program that’s done on a regular basis can promote better physical and mental health.

The widely held belief that exercising has to be a painful endeavor in order to create a favorable outcome is false. In reality, being consistent and persistent are much more essential to making beneficial improvements than how much pain you can endure during a workout.

Although, at the outset the body may rebel against your attempts to whip it into shape and leave you tired, stiff and sore after workouts. But this unpleasant fact of exercising is tempered by realizing that these minor discomforts are temporary. Once you become accustomed to working out regularly, exercising vigorously will be easier to do, and the minor discomforts will all but cease to exist.

Now, in reference to world-class Olympic athletes trying to achieve their lofty objectives of winning gold medals and other awards, learning to push themselves beyond the manifold barriers that stand in the way of victory is a relevant concept. But it’s an immaterial concept with regard to normal body conditioning. Besides feeling and looking great, here, one’s focus is on sound internal health, physical strength and a long, productive life.

All the same, even though walking at a tortoise-like pace will get you from point A to point B without shattering your laid-back image and producing sweat, to elevate your heart rate to a cardiovascular fitness level you’re going to have to expend some energy in your walking motion. Yet, with no more than a spirited arm swing and an accelerated stride, you can attain a significantly higher heart rate.

In fact, to make a walking program an effective one, many doctors and trainers recommend that walkers walk for at least 30 minutes a minimum of three times a week while maintaining a certain target heart rate.

However, if your heart rate overly exceeds the pre-determined target heart rate, it could mean that too much stress is being placed on the body. Conversely, if your heart rate falls well below the pre-determined target heart rate, your pace won’t be sufficient for a good aerobic workout. Consequently, it is very important that walkers are knowledgeable about and are able to correctly estimate their exercising heart rates.

A simple way to figure out your target heart rate is to take the number 220 and subtract your age. The remainder represents your maximum heart rate. Your goal now is to begin exercising at some percentage of this number. Typically, for people who haven’t taken part in vigorous exercise for a while, the percentage of your maximum heart rate will be around 55 to 65 percent; and for people who are hale and hearty, the percentage of your maximum heart rate will be around 70 to 80 percent.

As an example, if you’re 40 years old, you would subtract that from 220 and find your maximum heart rate is 180. Assuming you’re one of the hale and hearty people, you would then multiply 180 by .70 and get 126.00. Thus, you should be walking at a pace that will cause your heart to beat at a rate of 126 to 135 beats a minute.

For a person having difficulty taking his or her exercising heart rate, the easiest places to count it are the radial artery on the wrist and the carotid artery on the side of the neck. Use the first and second fingers of the hand and place them on the thumb side of your wrist or place these same two fingers on the opposite side of your neck. Take your pulse for 15 seconds, then multiply by four.

After successfully completing at least eight weeks of diligent, progressively vigorous, injury-free walking, you may now consider making your training regimen a little tougher.

Through walking, you have made your leg muscles stronger, yet to this point your upper body has been virtually ignored. By carrying one to five pound hand weights while walking, you will not only tone up your arms but heighten the intensity of your workout as well. Furthermore, walking up and down hills, walking in sand at the beach, and ascending and descending flights of stairs are some other ways to challenge and strengthen the muscles of the feet and legs as well as the heart and lungs. Additionally, you will be pleased to know that by increasing your efforts you’ll also be able to burn up more of those fat grams that produce a large number of calories and, as a result, extra body weight.

Later on, when you’ve become really fit, “speed walking” (i.e., walking at a 12-minute-a-mile pace) can be the next mountain to climb in your ambulatory adventure. Though speed walkers may look peculiar as they move, speed-walking is actually a much greater challenge than jogging at the same speed because the muscles must work harder to hold the fast-walking pace without breaking into a jog.

Nonetheless, since one’s target heart rate and the duration and intensity of a walking program varies according to age, weight, hereditary background and other factors, you first should go to a medical professional for a checkup and more detailed information regarding the most appropriate walking program for you.

LIPOPROTEINS

Once lipids are disassembled in the intestinal lumen and mucosal cell (enterocyte) they are reassembled in the mucosal cell as chylomicrons (CM’s) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL’s). These vehicles contain primarily nonpolar cholesterol esters and triglycerides in the core and polar cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids in their membranes. (Fig. 20)

[ Lipoproteins Image ]

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They are transported via the lymph and blood circulation to the liver, fat depots, and muscles. There the endothelial enzyme lipoprotein lipase removes the lipid contents.

Lipid carrying vehicles are also made by the liver primarily as very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and these function to move lipids made by the body itself into tissues. On the other hand, high density lipoproteins (HDL), which are made in the intestines and liver, function primarily to reverse this process and transport lipids from tissue to liver hepatocytes.1 HDL’s are of two types: HDL3 and HDL2. HDL3 is an empty package composed of a bilayer lipid membrane plus proteins. Lysolecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and apoprotein A associated with HDL3 remove free cholesterol from the blood, esterify it and fill the HDL3 package.

The LCAT enzyme uses the fatty acid in the number two position of lecithin to esterify to cholesterol. If this fatty acid is saturated, the process is inhibited: if it is unsaturated, the process is enhanced. Thus, cholesterol blood clearing by HDL3 is linked to dietary intake of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. High saturated triglycerides are often clinically associated with high blood cholesterol levels.

As HDL3 swells with cholesterol ester, it becomes HDL2, which in the liver releases its cholesterol through the action of hepatic lipase. Released cholesterol is conjugated with the amino acids glycine (predominantly in most species) and taurine (predominantly in cats) to form bile salts which are then excreted in the bile into the small intestine.2,3 Some cholesterol is then reabsorbed via the enterohepatic circulation and some passes with the feces. The less reabsorbed, the lower the blood levels of cholesterol. A variety of complex factors influences the reuptake of bile cholesterol. For example, some of the beneficial effects of fiber and certain bowel microorganisms can be related to decreasing cholesterol uptake.4,5

Characterization of lipid transport vehicles is based on physical density, size and ratios of constituents. Chylomicrons are the largest particles, the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) is the next largest, the intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) is the next largest, the low density lipoprotein (IDL) is the next largest, and then high density lipoproteins (HDL) are the smallest. In terms of their constituents, as the particle becomes smaller as it is hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase on capillary endothelial cells, its protein and cholesterol content becomes greater, triglyceride content becomes smaller and its density increases.6 Thus chylomicrons are laden with lipid but lean of protein, whereas high density lipoproteins contain smaller amounts of lipid and larger measures of protein. (Fig. 21)

[ Lipid Transport Vehicles Image ]

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Diagnostically the measure of these lipid carriers in the blood is important as indicators of risk particularly to cardiovascular disease. If there are high levels of LDL’s, this would be unfavorable whereas high levels of HDL’s would be favorable. High levels of LDL’s mean that there is a large amount of circulating cholesterol which may have atherogenic potential. On the other hand, a high level of HDL’s would mean that lipid stores are being mobilized from tissue and metabolized in the liver to be excreted in the bile.7

APOPROTEINS

The proteins associated with lipid carriers help solubilize the lipids, and identify them for enzymatic action. There are a host of these apoproteins. Some of those believed to be most important diagnostically are B, found on LDL’s and VLDL’s, E, found on IDL’s, and A. found on HDL’s. Apoprotein B on LDL’s and VLDL’s tags lipids for uptake by liver cells or scavenger cells in blood vessel walls. Apoprotein A tags HDL’s for liver uptake. Another apoprotein, C-2, serves as a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase which hydrolyzes the contents of low density lipid carriers on the endothelial wall. (Fig 22)

[ Lipoprotein Metabolism Image ]

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This is a very brief overview of some increasingly complex biochemistry coming to light.8-l0 Diagnostically, identifying apoproteins may be most revealing since they are more specific than simply measuring cholesterol or lipoproteins. High apoprotein A, for example, indicates high levels of HDL’s whereas high levels of B indicate high levels of LDL’s.

Lipoprotein (a) (different than A) may be one of the best independent markers for both cardiovascular risk and severity of existing disease. It is comprised of LDL and apoproteins B-100 and (a). Lp(a) is genetically controlled and due to the homology between apo (a) and plasminogen, a blood clot lysing factor, it interferes with clot lysis and adheres LDL to the endothelial surface where it can initiate atherosclerosis. Lp(a) levels greater than 50 mg/ell, plus high LDL levels can increase cardiovascular disease risk six fold. 11-14

TARGET BLOOD LEVELS

Blood cholesterol is increasingly used as a screening tool for cardiovascular risk. One third of all adults in the U.S. now know their blood cholesterol level. How much is the right amount? Looking at just LDL cholesterol, it is argued that since newborns have levels of approximately 30 mg/dl and that 25 mg/dl is sufficient to nourish the body’s tissue with cholesterol, and that species which do not experience cholesterol-related cardiovascular disease consistently have LDL cholesterol levels of less than 80 mg/dl, a recommended level of 25-80 mg/dl is considered to be in the healthy range. This is 1/5 the level normally seen in Western societies.15 Other tests measuring HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, apoproteins and cholesterol/HDL and Apo A/Apo B ratios are also used to determine cardiovascular risk.

[ Blood Lipid Levels Image ]

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By measuring various lipid factors it is possible to compile a composite lipid risk score.16 Diagnostic values, however, are subject to error both in testing and interpretation. We are far from being able to accurately quantitate health. A false “positive” risk could create anxiety and disease (convert a normal person to a patient) where none was present, and a false “negative” risk could lead to complacency and exacerbation of existing disease. Therefore, laboratory results and “normal” values should always be viewed with suspicion and used only as leads for further diagnostic evaluation.17-20

CHOLESTEROL

The level of various lipids in the blood, including cholesterol, is dependent upon cholesterol ingested and the amount of cholesterol being synthesized within the body. Cholesterol is an extremely important compound that makes up part of cellular membranes, is a substrate for the synthesis of a variety of hormones and vitamin D, and also is a component of bile acids which permit the digestion of lipids.

If cholesterol is a normal and healthy physiological compound, why such an uncomplimentary reputation? Government, through the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) seeks to decrease the nation’s blood cholesterol levels. This is the largest medical intervention in the history of the U.S.A. It has not been done without cause. Heart disease takes the life of one of every two in this country. Cholesterol is an integral part of the atherosclerotic plaque and major studies such as the federally supported Framingham (Mass.) Heart Study following thousands of subjects since 1948 show significant correlations between cholesterol and heart disease.

Simply lowering blood cholesterol is not a panacea, however. If the diet were totally depleted of cholesterol, the body would be forced to produce that which is necessary to sustain life. If blood cholesterol is unusually low (less than 160 mg/dl) the risk of stroke increases three fold and the risk of cancer increases two fold.21, 22 Thus dietary cholesterol, although perhaps a contributing factor to disease, is not likely a “poison” in its natural food form. The body has elaborate biochemical systems designed to synthesize approximately 80% of the cholesterol found within normal tissue. The body evidently thinks cholesterol is important. Cholesterol synthesis uses foods such as sugar, alcohol and starch to form the precursor acetate. A host of enzymes specifically designed to assure cholesterol availability then builds the complex molecule from acetate.

Cholesterol has been a part of the diet since the beginning of life yet cholesterol-linked disease is recent, reportedly being of significant consequence only since about the 1930’s. The Masai in Tanzania consume up to 2,000 mg of cholesterol per day yet their serum levels remain low, 115-145 mg/dl.23 A study of South African egg farm workers who consume large numbers of eggs resulting in a cholesterol intake of 1,200 mg per day have serum cholesterol levels of 180 mg/dl.

So why would cholesterol cause cardiovascular disease, the number one killer in many developed nations, when:

1. Cholesterol has been a part of the natural diet of humans and animals for millennia:

2. Cardiovascular disease is not significant in many so societies consuming high levels of cholesterol:

3. As cardiovascular disease increased, cholesterol and saturated fat levels have remained relatively constant: (Fig. 24) and,

4. As deaths from heart attacks decreased by 42% from 1963 to 1986, average cholesterol levels decreased only 3%.24

Some argue that the apparent paradox of increased cardiovascular disease is a result of increased life span creating an older population naturally more given to degenerative diseases. But contrary to popular belief, life span (the length of life one can expect to live, life potential) has not increased significantly since actuarial data has been reliably tabulated. Life expectancy (the average length of life of a population), on the other hand, has increased (47 years in 1900, 73 years today) due to decreased infant mortality resulting from better public hygiene and food distribution. Thus although at birth our chance of survival to a natural old-age death is increased, our age at the time of a natural death has not increased over that of our distant ancestors.25 Increased cardiovascular disease rates are therefore not simply a function of the increasing average age of our population.

The evidence is, however, quite convincing that cardiovascular disease is linked to diet in some way. Additionally, atherosclerotic plaques in vessel walls (particularly carotid and coronary) do indeed contain cholesterol although it may be difficult to prove that cholesterol’s presence is a cause rather than a result of atherosclerosis. The issue is not closed. There is evidence that cardiovascular disease is ancient and that genetics and the stresses of modern living. particularly. may be more important than diet.26

It is likely that atherosclerosis is a consequence of the influence of a variety of modern factors. These include but are not limited to sedentary living, stress, environmental pollution and diet. Looking only at diet, correlations between cardiovascular disease and increased consumption of proinflammatory omega-6 oils, processed (hydrogenated, oxidized) polyunsaturated fatty acids found in manufactured margarines and a wide range of other commercial processed products and oxidized cholesterol are far more logically convincing as etiologic factors than natural cholesterol or saturated fats.

[ The Cause Of Cardiovascular Disease Image ]

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The early 1900’s, marking a seemingly rapid rise in cardiovascular disease, also marked the rise in the consumption of the fabricated, fractionated processed diet.27-30 (Fig. 23) Cholesterol as a part of raw, whole, natural foods (natural here would also mean food animals in the wild, not factory farmed) has not been demonstrated to be linked to any disease conditions. The putative relationship between cholesterol and disease confuses definitions. The cholesterol referred to and shown through metanalysis, retrospective studies and prospective controlled clinical trials to be positively associated with atherosclerosis is not “natural” cholesterol. For example, in animal studies which induce atherosclerosis, an oxidized (”activated”) cholesterol is used.31,32 Additionally, human studies measure the effects of processed fats and oils as they occur in processed foods, not lipids as they occur in raw, natural, whole, fresh foods. Cholesterol in a homogenized, pasteurized butter, scrambled egg, fastfood burger or a grilled steak is a whole different creature than the cholesterol found in the living tissue of a wild antelope. (Fig.24)

Not only is the form of the cholesterol different (there are over 60 different cholesterol oxide species alone) but its context is totally different. The value of food is not only determined by its individual components, but by the company kept, the kind and relative amounts of neighbors — its synergonic nature. Processed foods are made from fractionated ingredients which are modified and then reassembled to create taste, shelf life and profit. Afresh, raw, natural food is entirely different, it is a complex milieu of interrelationships. It is a whole more than an assemblage of parts. A real food is no more X% protein, fat, minerals, vitamins and carbohydrates than a novel is X% ink, cellulose and glue.

Although experiments have yet to be devised to measure the effects of natural cholesterol by means of an all raw diet, the results are predictable. The grandest experiment of all, that of the development and sustenance of life on the planet prior to the roller mill, extruder, solvent extractor and hydrogenator, has already given the answer. Life owes its very existence to the presence of whole raw natural food. Such food is not the cause of disease, it is the cause of life.

[ Cholesterol Forms Image ]

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Natural food was the only food available until the technological era. The new food, the new cholesterol, hydrogenated and oxidized fatty acids and their new artificial combinations, were born out of technology. Also, it is argued, born at that time was the plaque of atherosclerosis. Thus the relationship of “cholesterol” and “saturated fats” to atherosclerosis is an indictment of food processing and not true food cholesterol as a part of whole, raw, natural foods.

REGULATING BLOOD LIPIDS

The level of cholesterol in the blood is regulated by a wide array of feedback mechanisms. If there is an excessive amount of LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream, receptors in the liver responsible for taking up these transport units will become saturated. When high blood levels of LDL are reached, the liver cells decrease the number of LDL receptors thus decreasing the liver’s ability to clear the blood of cholesterol. Thus when the liver is saturated with cholesterol and it needs no more, it simply shuts down the production of LDL receptors. At the same time, cholesterol excretion of bile acids would be increased to capacity. If the diet is low in fiber, or digestive tract microflora are out of balance, much of this cholesterol would be reabsorbed thus contributing to escalating blood levels of cholesterol. The cycle perpetuates itself continuing to build higher and higher blood levels of cholesterol. A familial hyperlipidemic condition whereby receptors for taking up LDL are defective can also contribute to exaggerated blood levels of cholesterol in some individuals.33 (Fig. 25)

High blood cholesterol and saturated fat levels and unfavorable lipoprotein ratios are a reality for many individuals and may place them at risk of life threatening disease. Improvements in lifestyle can decrease the absorption of cholesterol, increase its excretion, and change the ratio of LDL’s to HDL’s resulting in blood levels which are more conducive to

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the healthy state. Such improvements include: (1) increasing the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, and: (2) consuming a variety of high fiber foods containing various sterols which compete for uptake of cholesterol in the intestinal tract combined with: (3) a lower consumption level of processed cholesterol combined with: (4) increased exercise: (5) and perhaps increased consumption of omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acid containing foods. Omega-3’s are extremely effective in mixed hyperlipidemias, and omega-9’s are reported to have the ability to decrease LDL’s while increasing HDL’s.34-37 Decreasing saturated fat consumption also may help since saturated triglycerides are hydrophobic and encourage the formation of the higher fat and cholesterol carrying LDL’s and VLDL’s and retard cholesterol uptake by HDL’s.

Additionally, certain drugs (Probucol, Cholestyramine, Colestipol, Clofibrate, Gemfibrozil, Lovastatin and others) have been devised to decrease the hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and decrease the amount of cholesterol that is intestinally absorbed or reabsorbed from bile into the enterohepatic circulation which may be required if more natural modifications are not effective. (These are not without significant dangers, however.) 38-42

Diet modification and lifestyle changes are sensible tools to improve health and will offer the greatest chance of optimizing health and preventing disease. Careless hedonistic living based on the presumption that early diagnosis and heroic invasive procedures, such as transplants, angioplasty, bypasses, or drugs will provide forgiveness is a poor second to thoughtful preventive practices.

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A lot of people might think of menacing things whenever the word cholesterol is mentioned though they need not since as soon as they understand what it is and in what manner cholesterol threatens their health they will find out to change things so that they can continue maintaining sound health. To be certain, cholesterol is alcohol and steroids united and this mixture is referred to as sterol, in addition, it is also a fat that is named a lipid. Also, the most part of the cholesterol that our bodies have is created by the liver whereas the remaining quantities are in fact ingested from what we eat.

As far as suffering from elevated cholesterol levels, the main culprit is saturated fat that incites the liver to produce excessive quantities of cholesterol, and trans fats also have the same sort of result. Though cholesterol is also enclosed in animal foods, there is none of it in vegetables and other plant foods, and when in fat form it does not dissolve in blood. Thus, you need to use a number of other substance for getting the fatty cholesterol to dissolve and that is where lipoproteins come into the picture. Lipoproteins are special sort of carriers that can be either low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with LDL being bad for the body whereas the HDL is good for the body.

It is LDL cholesterol that is the most important transporter of bad cholesterol and when its intensity gets up, the walls of your arteries can fill with plaque that will cause a narrowing of the arteries. This in turn will impair free flow of blood to necessary parts of the body. And when blood does not attain vital organs like the heart, you may be at risk of having a heart attack or stroke. To enjoy good health, you will need to keep the levels of it at under 100 mg/dl. On the other hand, HDL or high-density lipoproteins will return cholesterol to the liver where it will be excreted and so there is less possibility of plaque build-up in the arteries, which means lower health risks. It follows then that in order to live in good health, you have to get more HDL and less LDL. A good way to increase HDL is by doing exercise and also by eliminating or drastically lowering intake of fats, more particularly saturated fats and trans fats.

Thus, the right assessment of cholesterol is that if it is in the form of HDL then its level should be high while if it is LDL then its level has to be kept as low as possible.

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Imagine a diet that could capture your senses. Colors, flavors, textures, smells all mingling together in a dish that is not only delicious but great for your overall health as well. If there were a diet like this out there wouldn’t you be interested in trying it? The Mediterranean diet may be just what you have been searching for. The Mediterranean diet menu consists of mainly fresh colorful vegetables, whole grains, legumes, pasta, nuts and olive oil. One of the keys to this diet is the abundant use of olive oil. It is used to cook food, flavor food and add healthy fat to the diet. Following the Mediterranean diet requires a lifestyle change just like any other, but unlike other diets the Mediterranean diet menu is enjoyable and easy to stick with. You may be wondering how a fat could be a key part of any diet. Olive oil is a monounsaturated fat. Monounsaturated fats (MUFA’s) are good for your body. Not only do they supply fat to the body, which is actually needed in small doses, they help to lower high density lipoproteins or HDL’s while raising low density lipoproteins or LDL’s. If you have high cholesterol you know that this is vital in getting your cholesterol levels down and into a healthy level. The Mediterranean diet is good for your waist line and your health as well. This diet is considered one of the healthiest diets in the entire world. People living in the Mediterranean region have a lower risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease, which is due mainly to the diet they enjoy. When taking part in the Mediterranean diet is very simple to add olive oil to your food in a number of ways. Olive oil can be used when grilling vegetables, fish or poultry. It can be added to sauces when cooking or used as a dipping sauce for breads. Olive oil mixed with a bit of balsamic vinegar make an excellent dressing for salads. The uses for olive oil in the Mediterranean diet menu are almost endless. The Mediterranean diet menu is tasty and simple to stick with. With this diet you aren’t suffering or feeling as if you are missing something. It is a delicious way to get on the road to good health. To grab more free information on the Mediterranean diet menu or visit http://www.mediterraneandietplanfast.com and begin your journey to the Mediterranean way of life.

Cholesterol is a liquid manufactured from the fatty foods that we eat, carried in the blood by special molecules called lipoproteins. It plays a central role in many biochemical processes.

There are different kinds of lipoproteins carrying cholesterol ‘ LDL and HDL. Whereas high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are considered “good” cholesterol, since they carry the cholesterol away from the cells, the low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are considered “bad cholesterol”. LDL brings the cholesterol from the liver to the cells and can cause build-up of cholesterol, which may cause heart attack.

It is recommended to keep the cholesterol under control and eat low-cholesterol food. High level of cholesterol is present in dietary food and in food, which contains saturated fat, such as coconut oil, coconut butter, cookies and crackers, butter, cheese, ice cream and cream. In some studies, moderate use of alcohol is linked with higher HDL cholesterol levels; however, increased consumption of alcohol brings other health dangers, therefore it is not recommended.

Cholesterol is also found in eggs, meat, poultry, and fish. In order to reduce the level of cholesterol, it is important to limit the amount of animal food, and decrease dietary cholesterol. Instead it is recommended to eat foods with unsaturated fat, present in plants, vegetables, avocado, nuts and vegetable oil.

In order to reduce high-blood cholesterol, it is recommended to maintain a healthy weight, which would include regular physical exercise. It is also recommended to schedule a screening, in order to know, whether everything in your body is in order. When starting cholesterol treatment, it is important to follow the recommendations of healthcare professionals.

In order to find out how is your cholesterol level, you need to take a blood test. After that, you will receive the cholesterol readings, but this is where you may have to deal with knowing how to read them. What do cholesterol readings mean? There are specialists that concentrate on explaining the total blood cholesterol levels and others that focus especially on the ratio of good to bad cholesterol.

Here is a little bit of insight on what good and bad cholesterol mean. The good cholesterol, the so called HDL or high density lipoproteins, can help remove the bad cholesterol, LDL low density lipoproteins - , from the blood. From there, it gets back in the liver from where it is taken out the body. The damage that LDL can do focuses especially on hardened arteries. When the arteries get clogged with plaques of LDL, they can lead to the appearance of a coronary artery disease, and even to a heart attack. Also, when the plaque breaks into a blood clot, a stroke may be caused.

When you read the total number on your cholesterol readings paper, you actually read the sum between HDL and LDL. If this number must be lowered, only your physician can say, as well as about the methods for reducing it. Your physician will be interested in LDL levels, as this is the bad cholesterol we talked about. The risks that LDL cause for a persons health cannot be neglected.

Here are the meanings for cholesterol readings that you can also understand:

- when the total number for cholesterol readings is less than 200 mg/dl, or the number for LDL levels is less than 130 mg/dl, it is considered that the readings are normal and you have little chances of getting ill due to the cholesterol;

- when the total number is somewhere between 200-239 mg/dl, or the level for LDL is 130-159 mg/dl, it is said that cholesterol readings are borderline high; with such levels, the person that had the test done, must consider changing a little the lifestyle they follow, by eating more healthy foods, and to exercise more, so they can reduce the level of cholesterol; no special medication is required;

- a high cholesterol reading is when the total level is more than 240 mg/dl and the LDL level is more than 160 mg/dl; this leaves no room for doubt the person taking the test should consider an important diet change, as well as an exercise program; plus, they will need to follow the prescription given by the doctor.

The figures we gave you so far refer to the traditional way of calculating cholesterol readings. For the second school of thought that focuses on the ratio between good cholesterol and bad cholesterol, this is the right calculation: the total level of cholesterol is divided by the HDL level if the ratio shows a number that is more than four, then the person needs to reduce the total and the bad cholesterol levels.

In order to eliminate any suspicions about your cholesterol levels, ask your doctor to run a blood test, so you can take it out of your mind. In case the cholesterol readings are too high, the doctor will tell you what you do about it.

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